THE POTTERY FROM THE FROG FARM
CEMETERY EXCAVATIONS
BETWEEN 1965 AND 1968. By Malcolm Lyne
Section 4 below has
been duplicated and placed at the beginning of Malcolm's report because
of his important
observations
about Patchgrove ware (EPC).
4. The Patch Grove ware problem.
The term Patch Grove ware was originally coined by Ward-Perkins
(1939, 1944) and was regarded as being produced at Patch Grove, being
restricted to storage-jars and of mid-to-late 1st c. date. It soon
became apparent that the dating was too tight and that production of
such wares continued into the mid-to-late 2nd century (Tester and Caiger
1954,174). Excavations at Lullingstone Roman villa further extended this
date-range, suggesting that Patch Grove wares continued to be produced
into the mid-3rd century (Pollard 1987, 210)
During the 1960s and 1970s it became increasingly clear that the Patch
Grove fabric variants were not restricted to jar forms. Work by Philp in
West Kent during the 1960s (1973) also queried as to whether the wares
were actually made at the Patch Grove site (Ibid., 60). St. John Breen
carried out a great deal of research into Patch Grove type wares during
the 1980s but unfortunately died before he could publish anything
definitive on the subject. He established the fact that the material
found at Patch Grove was not kiln waste and that there was more than one
Patch Grove type fabric; probably from more than one production centre
(1987). He also presented compelling evidence for a major production
centre at Frog Farm itself, a short distance north-west of the cemetery.
Fifty seven pits were excavated in woodland during the 1960s and yielded
3,630 sherds of Patch Grove type ware, including kiln wasters. A field
immediately to the east of this site yielded 1,728 more sherds of
Patchgrove type ware from ploughsoil, including more wasters.
The Frog Farm cemetery is in close proximity to this production site and
should be able to supply a lot of new information as regards Patch Grove
type wares. Of the 47 jars in such fabrics, however, 18 come from
cremations which cannot be dated any more closely than c.AD.43-250 and
many are so severely truncated that their forms are impossible to
determine. Nevertheless, a few significant observations can be made.
The first observation is that the percentage of Patchgrove type wares
(38%) is much smaller than one might expect considering the very close
proximity of a production site: a percentage nearer 70/90% might be
expected. It is also noticeable that the Patchgrove type wares from the
cemetery are entirely restricted to storage and smaller jars used as
cremation urns, whereas other forms were also made at the Frog Farm
production site. These other forms tend to be early, however, and are
minority products.
The dating of the cremations from which these jars in Patchgrove type
wares come leave little or no doubt that handmade jars in this group of
fabrics continued to be made until the middle of the 3rd c. or later. It
is probable, however, that the industry or industries producing these
wares diversified their range of fabrics and increasingly restricted the
use of handmade Patchgrove fabrics to storage vessels and other large
jars made alongside wheel-turned flagons and other forms in sand and
silt-tempered fabrics.
1.Introduction
These excavations yielded 177 pots from 75 cremations, of which
52 are now missing. The excavated part of the cemetery was in use from
the mid-to-late 1st c. to the mid 3rd century
2.The Cremation Assemblages
Cremation 1 (Area D2)
This was found by the farmer when digging a trench for a potato
clamp in November 1965. The arrangement of the six vessels is uncertain
but they comprise the following:
Fig.1
Slightly-truncated jar of Pollard’s type 19 (1988) in grey-black
Patchgrove fabric R2B, used as cremation urn. c.AD.100-200
Incomplete Central Gaulish Samian Dr.18/31 platter. Ext. rim diameter
180 mm. Stamped APRILIS. c.AD.120-150 ?Used as lid on urn.
Central Gaulish Samian Dr.31 platter. Ext. rim diameter 200 mm. Stamped
MVXTVLLI. c.AD.140-160.
-. Dr.33 cup. Missing
4. Truncated flagon in cream fabric R11 with silt-sized multi-coloured
quartz, occasional <2.00 mm. black ironstone and soft ferrous
inclusions.
c.AD.70-200.
5. Dish of Monaghan class 5F in Thameside greyware fabric R14. Ext.
rim
diameter 180 mm. c.AD.130-270.
It is conceivable that more than one cremation group is involved here in
view of the circumstances of the retrieval of the pots.
Date. c.AD.140-160.
Cremation 2. (Area B1)
Fig. 1
Truncated cooking-pot of Monaghan’s Class 3J1 in grey BB2 fabric R13
with acute-lattice decoration over external blackening. c.AD.120-180.
Used as cremation urn.
Central Gaulish Dr.31 platter used as lid for urn. Ext. rim diameter 185
mm. Stamped M-------. c.AD.150-200
Ovoid ring-necked flagon in sandy reddish-brown fabric R8 with external
cream-buff slip. Ext. rim diameter 40 mm. c.AD.130-200
Date. c.AD.150-180
Cremation 3. (Areas A1/B1 baulk)
This cremation consisted of a severely damaged jar (now missing)
containing cremated bone. The two surviving cremation catalogues differ
in that one says that the vessel was of Patchgrove ware and the other
describes it as being of sandy ware. Both catalogues agree in saying
that the pot was in a pit 12” in diameter, with one of them stating that
the pit was 16” deep.
A small bag containing three fresh fragments from a cooking-pot of
Monaghan’s class 3J9 with multiple acute latticing is stated to come
from this cremation and may be from the cinerary urn.
Date. c.AD.170-230/50.
Cremation 4. (Area A1)
Three of the four vessels comprising this cremation group are now
missing but a photographic record exists:
Fig. 1.
-. Truncated jar in ‘Patchgrove ware’ used as cremation
urn. Missing
-. Samian Dr.33 cup with illegible potter’s mark placed
in top of cremation
urn. c.AD.120-200. Missing.
-. East Gaulish Samian Dr.32 platter stamped VERINVS.
c.AD.160-230.
Missing
9. Truncated bottle of Monaghan’s class 1B6 in grey
North Kent Fineware
fabric R12A. c.AD.150-200/30.
Other finds include a black jet ring, a fragmentary cu.alloy ring with
chalcedony stone, a necklace of brown and green glass beads and a small
octagonal mirror.
Date. c.AD.160/200-230
Cremation 5. (Areas A1/B1 baulk)
Two of the three vessels making up this group are also missing.
Fig. 2.
Large everted-rim cooking-pot of Monaghan’s class 3J3 with acute-lattice
decoration, in Thameside BB2 fabric R13. Ext. rim diameter 230 mm.
c.AD.170-250.
-. Poppyhead beaker of uncertain type in sandy grey-brown fabric.
Missing
-. Small red vessel of uncertain type. Missing.
Date. c.AD.170-250.
Cremation 6. (Area A2)
This comprised just one badly-damaged pot:
Fig. 1.
Truncated jar of uncertain type in grey fabric R4 with brown margins.
Basal diameter 110 mm. The presence of a collar around the base of this
vessel suggests a 3rd c. date.
Date. c.AD.200-300.
Cremation 7A (Area C2)
The two vessels from this badly disturbed cremation were both very
fragmentary and can no longer be identified:
-. Base from heavily-truncated jar in ‘Patchgrove ware’.
Missing
-. Fragmentary remains of small vessel (?flagon) in
soft red sandy fabric.
Missing
Not closely datable.
Cremation 7B cutting Cremation 7A. (Area C2)
Only one vessel was present:
Fig. 1.
Top half of very unusual jar with collared rim and cordoned body, in
rough very-fine-sanded greyware fabric R4 with pink margins. Ext. rim
diameter 140 mm. A 3rd c. date is suggested by the rim form.
Cremation 8 (Area A2)
This was an un-urned cremation and completely lacking in pottery.
Cremation 9 (Area B1 Wall ).
Of the five vessels forming this cremation group, two are now
missing:
Fig.2
Handmade necked bowl in grog-tempered fabric R1 fired patchy
orange-brown/black and used as cremation urn. Ext. rim diameter 200 mm.
Similar to St John Breen’s Patchgrove ware form 3 (1987) and probably
similarly dated. c.AD.100-225.
Central Gaulish Samian Dr.31 platter with graffito on inside of
footring. Ext. rim diameter 200 mm. c.AD.150-200
Samian Dr.33 cup dated by the excavator to c.AD.130-150. Missing
-. Truncated buff sandy flagon in fabric R11. c.AD.130-200
-. Corrugated girth beaker of Gallo-Belgic type in soapy black fabric
with
reddened surface. This vessel, if accurately described, should be
earlier
than AD.70 in date. Missing
Date. c.AD.150-200.
Cremation 10 (Area C2)
The cremated bone appears to have been deposited inside a box or bag
of some description, in a pit of uncertain size and of 10” to 16” depth
and was accompanied by two ancillary vessels.
Fig. 2.
Truncated ovoid flagon in orange Hoo St Werburgh fabric R12B with cream
slip. c.AD.50-150.
- A few fragments from an almost totally destroyed poppyhead beaker
in
black ?North Kent Fineware fabric R12A. c.AD.70-200+.
Date. Not closely datable but probably interred at some time during the
early 2nd century.
Cremation 11. (Area A1)
This was an un-urned cremation without any ancillary vessels.
Cremation 12. (Area C3)
The five vessels associated with this cremation all survive
Fig.2.
Narrow-necked storage-jar of Pollard type 19 in brown-surfaced
Patchgrove ware fabric R2B used as cremation urn. Ext. rim diameter 80
mm. c.AD.65-225.
Truncated bag shaped flagon in rough orange fabric R8 variant with
traces of external white slip. c.AD.70-200
Central Gaulish Samian Dr.33 cup with illegible stamp. Ext. rim
diameter 110 mm. c.AD.120-200
Plain poppyhead beaker in silty brown-grey polished fabric R12A of
Monaghan class 2A4. Ext. rim diameter 60 mm. c.AD.130-170.
- Heavily-truncated larger beaker in similar fabric.
Date. c.AD.130-170.
Cremation 13. (Area B2)
This cremation lay in a circular pit measuring 0.50 m. in diameter
and between 0.22 and 0.38 m. deep and was badly disturbed by the farmer
digging the trench for his potato clamp. It yielded the following:
Fig.2.
Base from heavily truncated Patchgrove storage-jar with a basal diameter
of 0.28 m. laid inverted in the cremation pit.
Two large fresh fragments from the upper part of a jar similar to
2nd c. examples of Alice Holt/Farnham ware Class 3A (Lyne and Jefferies
1979) but in handmade coarse grog and grit tempered fabric R3 fired
black. Ext. rim diameter 160 mm. c.AD.100-150.
-. Small pile of 12 sherds, including six from two jars of Monaghan’s
class
3H7 (c.AD.170-300) in Thameside greyware fabric R14, three from an
everted-rim jar in similar fabric (c.AD.170-250) and two from an
incipient
beaded-and-flanged bowl in Alice Holt/Farnham greyware (c.AD.220-
270).
Date. This otherwise-dated early-2nd c. cremation appears to have been
disturbed during the early 3rd century. It may, however, be that the
later sherds were pushed into the cremation pit by the farmer digging
his potato clamp trench.
Cremation 14 (Area B2)
Only one vessel was present:
-. Very truncated base of jar in grey Patchgrove type
fabric R2B fired lumpy
pink-brown. Basal diameter 100 mm. c.AD.50-250.
Cremation 15 (Area B2)
This also consisted of one vessel:
-. Truncated jar in fabric R4 fired grey. Basal diameter
100 mm.
Date. Not closely datable.
Cremation 16 (Area B2)
One vessel was present
-. Truncated jar of Monaghan class 3J9 in grey-black BB2
fabric R13 with
pink margins. Basal diameter 90 mm. c.AD.170-230.
Date. c.AD.170-230
Cremation 17 (Area B2)
The single pot from this cremation was in an oblong pit measuring
1.05 m. from north to south and 0.58 m. from east to west.
Fig.3.
Jar of Pollard type 19 (1988) in soapy grey-brown Patchgrove type fabric
R2A ware used as a cremation urn. Ext. rim diameter 200 mm.
c.AD.100-150.
Date. c.AD.100-150
Cremation 18 (Area B2)
The three pots making up this burial were placed in a circular pit
0.50 m. in diameter with a maximum depth of 0.57 m. The urn is now
missing.
Fig.3.
-. Jar in sandy grey fabric with lattice decoration used as cinerary
urn.
c.AD.120-200. Missing
Truncated single-handled bag-shaped flagon in deep pink fabric R7 fired
polished pink-brown with poorly-applied thin white external slip.
Possibly a product of the Otford Progress kiln. c.AD.70-200.
Fig.2.
Central Gaulish Samian Dr 36 dish used as lid for urn. Ext. rim diameter
190 mm. About a sixth of this dish is missing. c.AD.120-200.
Two joining imbrex fragments lay in the dish over the urn and
strongly suggest that this was a pipe burial. The vertical pipe would
have been constructed from two imbrices, giving access to the cremation
from the ground surface for the purpose of making libations to the
deceased. A similar pipe burial was present in the Chichester St Pancras
cemetery (Down 1971,p.121, Burial 323).
Date. c.AD.120-200
Cremation 19 (Area B2)
The four pots associated with this cremation were placed in an oval
pit measuring 0.80 m. from east to west and 0.60 m. from north to south.
Three of these pots are now missing.
Fig.3.
-. Large Patchgrove storage-jar of uncertain type
(Described as big and ugly
in Ward’s catalogue). Missing
24. East Gaulish Samian Dr.31 platter in slightly
vesicular fabric with footring
deliberately removed. Ext. rim diameter 180 mm.
Stamped CEI-------M.
c.AD.170-230
-. Orange-red flagon with handle missing. Missing
-. Plain black poppyhead beaker. Missing
Date. The absence of most of the pots makes dating difficult but the
surviving Samian platter indicates a date after AD.170.
Cremation 20 (Area B2)
This was placed in a pit 0.37 m. deep and comprises a heavily
truncated base from a cooking-pot in grey-black BB2 fabric with
wide-spaced acute-lattice decoration on one surviving body sherd
(c.AD.120-170).
Cremation 21 (Area B2)
The four pots associated with this cremation were all placed in a
pit up to 0.60 m. deep and all survive.
Fig.3.
Jar of Monaghan’s class 3H1 in fine grey Thameside fabric R15 with
superficial reddening, used as cremation urn. Ext. rim diameter 180 mm.
c.AD.170-230
East Gaulish Samian Dr.18/31 platter in yellow-brown fabric with orange
slip. Ext. rim diameter 200 mm. Stamp illegible. c.AD.140-160
Ring-neck one-handled flagon in silty red-brown fabric R6 with traces of
yellow external slip. Ext. rim diameter 50 mm.
Perrin type 116 cup (1999) in cream Lower Nene Valley Colour-coat fabric
with black colour-coat over barbotine dog chasing stag. Ext. rim
diameter 50 mm. c.AD.165-240.
Date. c.AD.170-230
Cremation 22 (Area C3)
The four pots in this cremation were placed in a flint-lined
circular pit 0.64 m. in diameter and up to 0.38 m. deep.
-. Truncated jar in grey-black Patchgrove fabric R2B fired lumpy light
brown. Basal diameter 130 mm. c.AD.50-250
-. Truncated flagon in brittle grey sandy fabric R4 with profuse <0.50
mm
multi-coloured and iron-stained quartz sand filler. Rough surfaced
with
superficial surface reddening, traces of white slip and girth
cordon.
-. Small truncated beaker of uncertain type in grey-black North Kent
Fineware fabric R12A.
-. Central Gaulish Samian Dr 31 platter stamped POTTACI. c.AD.160-190.
Missing but was in two pieces placed one inside the other when
found.
Date. c.AD.160-200
Cremation 23 (Area BO)
The wall of the mausoleum was built on top of the urn belonging to
this cremation.
-. Truncated jar in Patchgrove type fabric R2B. Basal diameter 130 mm.
c.AD.50-150
Some fragments from a Samian ?Dr.18/31 platter (Now lost) were found
nearby but within the mausoleum and may or may not belong to this
cremation group.
Cremation 24 (Area D4 South side)
This was badly disturbed but included fragments from three pots. Two
of these can no longer be identified.
-. Truncated jar in grey-black Patchgrove type fabric R2B
fired lumpy pink-
orange. Basal diameter 120 mm. c.AD.50-150.
-. A few sherds from a cup or beaker in ?Lower Nene Valley
Colour-coat
fabric. c.AD.165-270. Missing
-. A few sherds from a red ?flagon. Missing.
Date. After c.AD.165
Cremation 25 (Area C4 South-east corner)
This very disturbed and truncated burial included the following:
-. Truncated jar in hard grey Patchgrove type fabric R2B
fired lumpy pink-
brown with external black smudges. Basal diameter 110 mm.
-. Fragments from flagon in unknown fabric. Missing.
Date. Indeterminate.
Cremation 26 (Area C4)
This truncated cremation pit (only 0.22 m. deep) contained the
remains of three vessels.
-. Truncated jar with stabbed girth cordon in grey Patchgrove type
fabric
R2B fired lumpy pink-brown. Used as cremation urn. Basal diameter
100
mm. c.AD.50-225.
-. Black poppyhead beaker. Missing
-. Fragments from Samian platter of uncertain type and date.
Possibly used
as a lid over the urn. Missing.
Date. Indeterminate
Cremation 27 (Area D4)
No pottery was present; only a scatter of cremated bone.
Cremation 28 (Area C4 baulk)
This badly truncated cremation yielded only one pot:
-. Truncated jar used as cinerary urn in vesicular
brown-black Patchgrove
type fabric variant R2D with sparse leached-out
?shell. Basal diameter 100
mm. c.AD.50-80
Date. c.AD.50-80
Cremation 29 (Areas B3/C3 baulk)
This cremation also had only one vessel:
-. Truncated jar in grey Patchgrove ware fired lumpy
pink-brown. Basal
diameter 110 mm.
Cremation 30 (Area C4)
The four vessels associated with this cremation were in a pit 0.47
m. in diameter and up to 0.41 m. deep.
Fig.3.
Narrow-necked storage-jar of Pollard’s type 18 in grey-black Patchgrove
type ware fired patchy brown/black. Ext. rim diameter 110 mm.
c.AD.50-250.
Poppyhead beaker of Monaghan’s type 2A4 in polished brown/black
fabric R7. Ext. rim diameter 60 mm. Spalled kiln second with abstract
graffito. c.AD.130-170.
Ovoid ring-neck flagon in yellow-cream fabric R11. Ext. rim diameter 50
mm. c. AD.130-200.
-. Central Gaulish Samian Dr.33 cup stamped GRACCHIM. c.AD.150-190.
Missing
Date. c.AD.150-170.
Cremation 31 (Area C4)
This cremation also included four vessels:
Fig.4.
-. Truncated jar in Patchgrove type fabric R2B. Basal
diameter 140 mm.
32. South Gaulish Samian Dr.18/31 platter. Ext. rim diameter
190 mm.
Stamped ACVND----. c.AD.90-110.
33.Truncated poppyhead beaker in North Kent Fineware fabric
R12A with 5
rectangular dot-barbotine panels. c.AD.90-170.
-. Shattered portion of flagon in grey fabric R7 fired
pink-brown with traces
of external white slip.
Date. Early 2nd century
Cremation 32 (Area C5).
Two vessels were associated with this cremation:
Fig.4.
Shattered jar of ?Pollard type 20 in grey Patchgrove type fabric R2B
fired orange-brown with raised, stabbed cordon on shoulder, used as
cremation urn but lacking both its rim and base. c.AD.100-250
35. Central Gaulish Samian Dr.33 cup stamped VERTECISAF. c.AD.150-
180.
Date. Late 2nd century
Cremation 33 (Area C5)
This cremation was badly disturbed, containing a scatter of cremated
bone and sherds from a jar in Patchgrove ware (now missing).
Cremation 34 (Area C4)
Five vessels were associated with this cremation:
Fig.4.
Storage jar of uncertain type in Patchgrove type ware, used as cinerary
urn. Missing.
Central Gaulish Samian Dr.33 cup stamped MALLEDV.F. c.AD.140-200.
Placed in top of urn. Missing
Central Gaulish Samian Dr.18/31 platter. Ext. rim diameter 190 mm.
Stamped ARCANVS. c.AD.125-145.
- Truncated Central Gaulish Samian flagon of Stanfield type 1929.67.
c.AD.150-200
Flask of Monaghan’s type 1A3.1 (1987) in black North Kent Fineware
fabric R12A. Ext. rim diameter 40 mm. c.AD.90-140
Date. c.AD.140-160
Cremation 35 (Areas C5/C6 baulk)
Two vessels were present in what was a badly ploughed cremation.
Fig.4.
-. Jar of uncertain type in Patchgrove type fabric and used as
cinerary urn.
Missing.
Poppyhead beaker of Monaghan’s class 2A3 (1988) in grey North Kent
Fineware fabric R12A with single diamond-shaped dot barbotine panel.
Ext. rim diameter. c.AD.100-150.
Date. c.AD.100-150
Cremation 36 (Area C5)
The very fragmentary jar in Patchgrove ware from this disturbed
burial is now missing but was used as a cinerary urn
Cremation 37 (Areas B4/C4 baulk)
The two pots associated with this cremation are now missing but were
as follows:
-. Badly truncated jar in Patchgrove type fabric used as
cinerary urn.
-. Samian Dr.33 cup
Date. Indeterminate.
Cremation 38 (Area B4)
The four pots associated with this cremation were placed in a
flint-lined pit and extensively disturbed.
Fig.4.
-. Truncated jar in hard, brittle, grey-black BB2 fabric
with acute-latticing.
Basal diameter 80 mm. c.AD.120-180.
39. Small everted-rim jar in similar fabric with similar
decoration. Ext. rim
diameter 55 mm. c.AD.120-180.
-. Truncated flagon in cream fabric R11. Basal diameter 45
mm.
-. Comminuted and truncated beaker of uncertain type in
grey North Kent
Fineware fabric R12A. Basal diameter 30 mm. Found
inside cinerary urn.
Date. c.AD.120-150/80
Cremation 39 (Area B4)
This cremation was very badly disturbed by tree roots with the only
pot being a severely damaged jar in Patchgrove ware, now missing.
Cremation 40. (Area C8).
This was not a cremation but a single vessel, which may have been
deposited as a votive offering.
Fig.4.
Truncated bottle of Monaghan’s class 1B4 in grey North Kent Fineware
fabric R12A. c.AD.70-110.
Cremation 41. (Area C6).
This cremation was severely ploughed and comprised traces of just
one vessel:
-. Base of very truncated jar in Patchgrove type fabric.
Missing.
Cremation 42. (Area C6).
This cremation was almost entirely ploughed away. Remains of one
vessel were present.
-. Base of jar in grey Patchgrove type fabric R2C with sand
and grog filler,
fired lumpy orange and used as cinerary urn. Basal
diameter 110 mm.
Cremation 43. (Area E6).
Of the five vessels associated with this cremation, three are now
missing:
Fig.4.
-. Large bodysherds from necked-bowl in black handmade
fabric R2C with
profuse < 0.50 mm. iron-stained quartz and black grog
filler, fired rough
pink-brown.
-. Central Gaulish Samian Walters 79 platter stamped
PRIVATIM. c.AD.160-
190. Missing
41. Central Gaulish Samian Dr.33 cup stamped CELSIleafM.
c.AD.140-200.
-. Poppyhead beaker in grey ?North Kent Fineware.
c.AD.130-200. Missing
-. Red disintegrated flagon. Missing.
Date. c.AD.160-200
Cremation 44. (Area E6).
The two vessels associated with this cremation were deposited in a
pit 0.45 m. in diameter and both survive.
Fig.4.
Lid-seated bead-rim jar of St John Brean’s form 41 (1987) in sand and
grog tempered Patchgrove ware fabric R2C fired grey with patchy
brown/black surfaces. Ext. rim diameter 200 mm. c.AD.50-100.
Truncated bottle of Monaghan’s class 1B4 in black North Kent
Fineware fabric R12A with rouletted shoulder. c.AD.70-110.
Date. c.AD.70-100
Cremation 45. (Area E6)
All five vessels from this cremation still survive:
Fig.4.
Narrow-necked storage-jar variant of Pollard’s type 18 (1988) in
orange-brown Patchgrove fabric R2B, used as cinerary urn. Ext. rim
diameter 120 mm. c.AD.50-250
Small everted-rim jar of Monaghan’s class 3J7 in micaceous
brown-black fabric R6 fired black. Ext. rim diameter 80 mm. c.AD.
140-200
Central Gaulish Samian Dr 35 dish. Ext. rim diameter 110 mm.
c.AD.120-200. Placed on Fig.44.
Fig.5.
Central Gaulish Dr 34 handled cup in black samian fabric R17C. Ext. rim
diameter 120 mm. c.AD.140-180. This is a very rare vessel form to find
in Britain and may be from the kilns at Terre-Franche north of Lezoux (Vauthey
1986,Fig.15).
Small dish of unpublished type in pale buff Montans Samian fabric
R17F with traces of red slip. Ext. rim diameter 120 mm. c.AD.100-225.
Another extremely rare form to find in Britain (Martin 1986,Fig.6-5).
Date. c.AD.140-180.
Cremation 46 (Areas B7/C7 baulk).
The four vessels from this cremation also still survive:
Fig.
-. Truncated jar used as cinerary urn, in ‘Belgic’
grog-tempered ware fired
patchy brown/black. Basal diameter 120 mm. c.AD.50-80.
49. Truncated flagon in grey Hoo St Werbergh fabric R12B
fired orange-red.
c.AD.50-250
50. Dr 31 platter in Central Gaulish Samian. Ext. rim
diameter 195 mm.
c.AD.150-200. Used as lid for cinerary urn.
-. Central Gaulish Samian Dr 33 cup. Ext. rim diameter 110
mm. Stamped ---
-CIM. C.AD.120-200. Placed inside Fig.57
Date. c.AD.150-200
Cremation 47 (Areas B3/B4 baulk)
Three pots were associated with this cremation:
Fig.5.
51. Lid-seated bead-rim jar of Monaghan’s type 3L1.2 (1987)
in sandy grey
Thameside fabric R15. Ext. rim diameter 180 mm.
c,AD.70/80-140.
52. Flagon of Monaghan’s class 1E7 in grey-black fabric R6
fired orange-
brown. Ext. rim diameter 45 mm. c.AD.100-150
-. Coarse grey-black ‘pie-dish’. Missing.
c.AD.130-250
Date. c.AD.130-150
Cremation 48 (Areas B7/C7 baulk)
Three pots were also associated with this cremation:
Fig.5.
-. Jar of uncertain type in Patchgrove type fabric.
Missing.
53. Small beaker of Monaghan’s class 2C6 in silty black
fabric R4. Ext. rim
diameter 40 mm. c.AD.190-230
-. Samian Dr.33 cup stamped ?CANT.V. Missing
Date. ?Early 3rd c.
Cremation 49 (Area B4).
Five vessels were present but were badly disturbed by tree roots:
one is now missing.
Fig.5.
54. Truncated storage jar with pedestal base in black
Patchgrove type fabric
R2B with reddened exterior decorated with loose acute
latticing. Used as
cinerary urn. c.AD.100-250
55. Bottle of Monaghan’s class 1B6 in silty, micaceous
fabric R4 fired pink-
brown with polished black exterior and X graffito on
side. Ext. rim
diameter 40 mm. c.AD.170-230
-. Truncated flagon in grey-black Hoo St Werbergh fabric
R12B fired pink.
c.AD.50-250.
-. Samian Dr.31 platter. c.AD.150-230. Missing.
56. Beaker of Symonds Group 3a (1992, Fig.35,644) in
Moselkeramik fabric
R20. Ext. rim diameter 60 mm. c.AD.200-270/80.
This cremation pit also contained 52 sherds from very incomplete vessels
including eight from an everted rim jar in fine Thameside grey ware
(c.AD.170-270) and two from a jar of Monaghan’s type 3H1.4
(c.AD.180-300) in reddened Thameside fabric R15.
Date. c.AD.200-250
Cremation 50 (Area B5).
Three of the four vessels making up this cremation group still
survive:
Fig.5.
-. Top of necked jar in grey Patchgrove ware variant with
profuse <0.50mm.
multi-coloured and iron-stained quartz and grog
filler. Ext. rim diameter
200 mm.
-. Samian Dr.33 cup. Found in urn but now missing.
57. Truncated bottle of Monaghan’s class 1B6 in grey North
Kent Fineware
fabric R12A. c.AD.150-230.
58. Beaker of Symonds Group 11 (1992) in Central Gaulish
Black Colour-coat
fabric R17D with barbotine decoration. Ext. rim
diameter 50 mm.
c.AD.150-200.
Date. c.AD.150-200
Cremation 51 (Area B5).
Two vessels were present in this badly preserved cremation:
Fig.5.
-. Jar of indeterminate type in indeterminate fabric and
used as cinerary urn.
Missing.
59. Truncated ovoid flagon in fabric R9 fired rough deep
pink over upper half,
grading down into buff-brown with grey base. There is
a small hole
punched in the side. A product of the ‘Progress’ kiln.
Two sherds from a poppyhead beaker (now missing) are described as having
been found nearby.
Date. ?AD.70-100
Cremations 52, 53 and 54
These do not appear to have ever existed.
Cremation 55A
The only vessel from this cremation was sliced through by the wall
of the mausoleum and thus predates it.
Fig.6.
60. Narrow-necked storage-jar of Pollard form 18 (1988) in
grey-black
Patchgrove ware fabric R2A fired light brown/black.
Ext. rim diameter 120
mm.
Date. c.AD.50-120
Cremation 55B
This included four pots, which lay against the edge of the wall of
the mausoleum.
Fig.6.
61. Half of wide-mouthed bowl variant of Pollard form 19 (1988) in soapy
brown-black Patchgrove fabric R2A used as cover over Dr.33 cup and
beaker. Ext. rim diameter 220 mm. c.AD.50-120
62. Central Gaulish Samian Dr.33 cup. Ext. rim diameter 110
mm. Stamped
SEDATVSF. c.AD.125-150.
63. South Gaulish Samian Dr 18/31 platter with illegible
stamp. Ext. rim
diameter 190 mm. c.AD.90-110.
-. Poppyhead beaker in polished light brown/grey fabric
fired black. Kiln
waster with hole blown in side. Missing
Date. c.AD.125-150.
Cremation 56 (A = 13’. B = 10’3”)
The only pot from this cremation was a poppyhead beaker in ‘soft
eroded ware with a reddish-brown body and white surface slip’. Now
missing.
Date. Indeterminate.
Cremation 57 (A = 13’8”. B = 10’2”)
There were two very truncated vessels in this cremation:
-. Lower part of jar in grey, grog-tempered Patchgrove
type fabric R2A fired
brown-black. c.AD.50-120
-. Lower part of jar in sand and grog tempered Patchgrove
type fabric R2C.
Missing. c.AD.50-100
Date. c.AD.50-100.
Cremation 58 (A = 12’6”. B = 13’3”)
This cremation was buried very close to the mausoleum wall and
included two vessels:
Fig.6.
-. Lower part of very large storage-jar in grey-black
Patchgrove type fabric
R2B fired orange brown.
64. Small wide-mouthed necked-bowl of Thompson form D1-4
(1982) in buff
‘Belgic’grog-tempered fabric R1 fired bubbly black.
Ext. rim diameter 120
mm. c.20BC-AD.60/80.
Date. c.AD.50-60/80
Cremation 59
The three vessels associated with this cremation placed near the
mausoleum wall were as follows:
Fig.6
65. Slightly truncated jar of St John Brean’s form 16 (1987)
in grog and sand
tempered blue-grey Patchgrove ware fabric R2C fired
orange with stabbed
girth and shoulder cordons. There are ?4 spaced bosses
on the shoulder
cordon. Used as cinerary urn. c.AD.50-100
-. Samian ?Dr.18/31 platter. Now missing but placed
upside down as a lid
over the urn.
-. Truncated flagon base in silty pink fabric R4 with
traces of external cream
slip.
Date. c.AD.50-100
Cremation 60
Three vessels were associated with this cremation.
Fig.6.
-. Truncated jar in grey Patchgrove type fabric R2B fired
lumpy pink-brown.
Basal diameter 100 mm.
-. Truncated flagon in silty grey Hoo St Werbergh fabric
R12B fired orange
with external white slip.
66. South Gaulish Samian Dr.18 platter with stamp missing.
Ext. rim diameter
180 mm. c.AD.70-90.
Date. c.AD.70-90
Cremation 61 (A = 18’3”. B = 27’9”)
The five vessels associated with this cremation were as follows: four
are now missing.
Fig.6.
-. Samian platter stamped AT---. Missing.
-. Samian Dr.33 cup. Missing.
-. BB2 dish of uncertain type with acute lattice
decoration. c.AD.120-180.
Missing.
67. Disc rim bag-shaped flagon in deep pink fabric R6.
Ext. rim diameter 70
mm. c.AD.150-250
-. Bowl in sandy brown fabric with dark grey surfaces.
Missing.
Date. c.AD.150-180
Cremation 62 (A = 18’2”. B = 22’)
The only pot associated with this burial was a truncated jar in
grey-black Patchgrove type fabric R2B fired pink-orange and used as a
cinerary urn.
Cremation 63 (position not recorded)
The two badly truncated vessels associated with this burial were next to
the wall of the mausoleum:
-. Truncated jar in grey Patchgrove type fabric R2B fired
pink-orange
externally. Basal diameter 140 mm.
-. Truncated beaker in North Kent Fineware fabric R12A.
Date. Indeterminate.
Cremation 64 (A = 20’3”. B = 30’5”)
The three vessels within this cremation pit were arranged ‘like an ace
of clubs’:
-. Large poppyhead beaker with dot barbotine panels in
hard brown grey
fabric with black surface. Missing.
-. Flagon in red ?Hoo St Werbergh fabric with
external white slip. Missing.
Fig.6.
68. Wheel-turned necked bowl of Monaghan’s class 4C1.3
(1987) in brown
fabric with profuse <0.50 mm. multi-coloured quartz
filler fired rough
grey-black. Ext. rim diameter 120 mm. c.AD.70-150.
Date. c.AD.100-150.
Cremation 65 (position not recorded)
The only pot associated with this cremation was a truncated storage jar
in grey-black Patchgrove type fabric R2B fired lumpy orange-brown and
used as a cinerary urn.
Date. Not closely datable.
Cremation 66 (position not recorded).
Only one pot was associated with this cremation:
Fig.7.
69. Pedestalled jar in grey Patchgrove fabric R2B fired
pink-brown with black
paint over rim and shoulder and also over base. Used
as cinerary urn.
Ext. rim diameter 180 mm. c.AD.50-70.
Date. c.AD.50-70
Cremation 67 (A = 12’. B = 3’4”)
There were three pots associated with this cremation:
Fig.7.
70. Everted-rim jar of St.John Brean’s form 8 (1987) with
corrugated
shoulder, in patchy brown/black Patchgrove ware fabric
R2A and used as a
cinerary urn. Ext. rim diameter 160 mm. c.AD.50-100.
71. South Gaulish Samian Dr.18 platter with stamp missing,
used as lid over
Fig.80. Ext. rim diameter 180 mm. c.AD.43-90.
72. Plain poppyhead beaker of Monaghan’s class 2A3 (1987) in
grey North
Kent Fineware fabric R12A. Ext. rim diameter 65 mm.
c.AD.100-130.
Date. c.AD.80-130+.
Cremation 68 (A = 9’4”. B = 5’6”)
This burial was almost totally destroyed by the wall of the mausoleum
but yielded one sherd from a Samian Dr.33 cup. Missing.
Cremation 69 (Position not recorded)
This burial was almost totally destroyed by the potato clamp trench but
yielded fragments from the following two vessels:
-. Five fragments from a jar of ?Pollard type 20 (1988)
in Patchgrove ware
with a stabbed cordon on its shoulder. c.AD.50-250
-. One sherd from a Dr.33 cup in unspecified Samian ware.
Missing
Cremation 70. (A = 10’9”. B = 13’)
The two vessels may be a votive deposit as there was no cinerary urn or
cremated bone.
Fig.7.
73. Ring-necked ovoid flagon in deep pink-red fabric R8 with
feeble traces of
cream slip. Ext. rim diameter 40 mm.
74. Central Gaulish Dr.33 cup stamped CA-ATINI with large chip
taken out of
rim before deposition. Ext. rim diameter 100 mm.
c.AD.120-200.
Date. c.AD.130-200.
Cremation 71. (Position not recorded)
The five vessels are still extant:
Fig.7.
-. Truncated jar in brown Thameside fabric R4 fired rough
grey-black. Basal
diameter 90 mm. c.AD.150-250
75. Central Gaulish Samian Dr.18/31 platter stamped CRVCAROF.
Ext. rim
diameter 180 mm. c.AD.110-150.
76. Single-handled ring-neck flagon in orange fabric R8 variant
with ovoid
body and external white slip. Ext. rim diameter 40 mm.
c.AD.130-200.
77. Bag beaker with cornice rim in orange Colchester Colour-coat
fabric R18
with black colour-coat. Ext. rim diameter 70 mm.
c.AD.130-250.
78. East Gaulish Samian Dr.33 cup. Ext. rim diameter 100 mm.
c.AD.140-200.
Date. c.AD.150-200.
Cremation 72. (A = 19’10”. B = 8’6”)
Only one vessel came from the pit. A lack of an urn and cremated bone
suggests that this may have been a votive deposit.
Fig.7.
79. Distorted ring-neck flagon waster in rough buff fabric R11.
Ext rim
diameter 37 mm. c.AD.130-200
Date. c.AD.130-200
Cremation 73. (A = 11’3”. B = 12’5”)
Badly ploughed cremation with a few fragments from a single vessel:
-. Part of small jar in silty grey wheel-turned fabric
fired black with pink
margins.
Cremation 74. (A = 8’8”. C = 11’10”)
This cremation lay inside the mausoleum only 5” from its north wall and
included a ‘Patchgrove’ jar used as a cinerary urn with one sherd from a
black poppyhead beaker found within it (Both are now missing).
Cremations 75 and 76
No pots were associated with either of these burials.
Cremation 77 (C = 10’. A = 11’3”)
This cremation was heavily disturbed by the foundations of the mausoleum
wall and is therefore earlier.
-. Small part of jar in ‘Belgic’ grog-tempered ware fabric
R1 fired patchy
brown/black. c.AD.43-80
-. Base of jar in grey grog and sand tempered Patchgrove
ware variant R2C
fired orange-pink. c.AD.50-100
Date. c.AD.50-80.
Cremation 78
This cremation lay just outside the south side of the threshold of
the door into the mausoleum, beneath that side of the flue later
inserted through the door.
Fig.7.
80. Bead-rim jar in brown/black Patchgrove ware fabric R2A with
finger-jabbed
cordon on shoulder. Ext. rim diameter 180 mm. c.AD.50-100.
Date. c.AD.50-100
3. Discussion
The following table lays out the date ranges for the various
cremations in fifty year phases. Such dating is not claimed to be exact
as old pots were sometimes interred with the ashes of the deceased and
it is always possible that older cremations were sometimes disturbed by
more recent ones and ancillary vessels reused. The biggest problem
regarding the dating of the cremations is brought about by the severe
truncation of many of them by ploughing, resulting in 20 being
impossible to date any more closely than to c.AD.43-250.
Table 1
|
Cremation |
c.AD.43-100 |
c.AD.100-150 |
c.AD.150-200 |
c.AD.200-250 |
c.AD.43-250 |
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7A
7B
9
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
55A
55B
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
77
78 |
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
|
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
|
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 |
1
1
1
1
1
|
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
|
|
|
14 |
10 |
23 |
5
|
20 |
c.AD.43-100
There were 14 cremations of late 1st c. date in the cemetery, of
which seven (57, 58, 59, 60, 66, 67 and 78) were arranged in an arc
around the external face of the wall of the mausoleum and appear to be
later. Another three (23, 55A and 77) were severely damaged by the
foundations of the wall itself and are therefore earlier. This suggests
that the mausoleum was constructed at some time during the late 1st
century, centred on a ?primary cremation without an urn or ancillary
vessels in Pit 79 and with the seven cremations listed above arranged
around it. These seven cremations may be of members of the same family
as the person for whom the mausoleum was originally constructed. It is
unfortunate that the pots from Cremation 74 within the mausoleum are now
missing: their description in the site notebook makes it quite likely
that they are also of mid-to-late 1st c. date but we cannot be certain.
The surviving 20 pots from these cremations indicate that the main
suppliers of the pots used as grave goods were the industries producing
Patchgrove type wares in a variety of fabric variants. Of the twelve
Patchgrove type ware pots, three are in the black variant R2A, four in
the oxidised fabric R2B, four in the sand and grog tempered variant R2C
and one in the slightly vesicular fabric R2D. Another two pots are in
‘Belgic’ grog-tempered fabric R1. The rest of the pots comprise two
bottles and a beaker in North Kent Fineware fabric R12A, a flagon waster
in fabric R9 from the ?Otford Progress kiln (Pearce 1930), a flagon in
fabric R4 and a South Gaulish Samian dish.
c.AD.100-150
Of the nine cremations attributable to this period only two (55B and
64) were found in close proximity to the mausoleum: the rest were
scattered amongst the burials to the east of it.
The 25 surviving pots come from a much greater variety of sources
than previously. There are four jars in Patchgrove type fabrics R2A and
R2B and five vessels in local wheel-turned fabrics R3, R4, R6, R7 and
R8. Of these latter, flagons in fabrics R7 and R8 may have originated in
the Otford Progress kiln or others, as yet unlocated, belonging to the
same industry . The Thameside industries now seem to be the biggest
supplier of pots used in the cremations, with six in North Kent Fineware,
two flagons in its oxidised Hoo St Werbergh equivalent, two in BB2
fabric and one in Thameside greyware. There are two open forms each in
South Gaulish and Central Gaulish Samian fabrics.
c.AD.150-200
This period saw the most intense usage of the excavated part of the
cemetery, with 23 cremations identified as being of late 2nd c. date.
There are 61 surviving pots: a further 20 are missing. There are seven
jars in Patchgrove type fabrics R2A and R2B, as well as two other
grog-tempered jars in fabric R1: these latter may be Wealden East Sussex
ware vessels (Lyne 1994). Local wheel-turned sand-tempered wares
comprise a flagon and a beaker in fabric R7, two flagons in fabric R4,
three flagons each in fabrics R6 and R8 and four in fabric R11. The 14
surviving Thameside industry products comprise six acute-latticed
cooking-pots and a dish in BB2 fabric R13, two in Thameside greyware
fabric R15, four flasks and bottles in North Kent Fineware fabric R12A
and a flagon in oxidised and white-slipped Hoo St Werbergh fabric R12B.
The Central Gaulish Samian kilns were the biggest single source of
fineware vessels deposited in the excavated part of the cemetery. These
comprise seven Dr.18/31 and Dr.31 dishes, five Dr 33 cups, two Dr 35 and
Dr 36 dishes and a flagon of Stanfield type 1929 in fabric R17B, a
handled Dr 34 cup in Black Samian fabric R17C and a beaker in Central
Gaulish Black Colour-coat fabric R17D.
The Black Samian Dr.34 cup is a very rare form to find in Britain:
it was accompanied in Cremation 45 by an even rarer Montans Samian dish
form in fabric R17F, suggesting that the cremated individual had come to
Britain from southern or south-western Gaul. Four other samian vessels
deposited in the cemetery during this period are from Eastern Gaul and
comprise two Dr.18/31 and Dr.31 dishes, a Dr.32 dish and a Dr.33 cup.
The 11 missing samian vessels from uncertain production centres were
recorded at the time of excavation as seven Dr 33 cups, a Dr.32 dish, a
Dr.31 dish, a Walters 79 dish and another of unspecified type. A hunt
cup in Lower Nene Valley fabric R19 and a cornice-rim bag beaker in
Colchester Colour-coat fabric are also present.
c.AD.200-250.
There are five cremations datable to the early 3rd century with
eight surviving pots. These pots are too few in number to draw any
conclusions but include a Moselkeramik beaker (c.AD.200-275) and two
Patchgrove type jars. There are no cremations which need be later than
the mid-3rd century.
4. The Patch Grove ware problem.
The term Patch Grove ware was originally coined by Ward-Perkins
(1939, 1944) and was regarded as being produced at Patch Grove, being
restricted to storage-jars and of mid-to-late 1st c. date. It soon
became apparent that the dating was too tight and that production of
such wares continued into the mid-to-late 2nd century (Tester and Caiger
1954,174). Excavations at Lullingstone Roman villa further extended this
date-range, suggesting that Patch Grove wares continued to be produced
into the mid-3rd century (Pollard 1987, 210)
During the 1960s and 1970s it became increasingly clear that the Patch
Grove fabric variants were not restricted to jar forms. Work by Philp in
West Kent during the 1960s (1973) also queried as to whether the wares
were actually made at the Patch Grove site (Ibid., 60). St. John Breen
carried out a great deal of research into Patch Grove type wares during
the 1980s but unfortunately died before he could publish anything
definitive on the subject. He established the fact that the material
found at Patch Grove was not kiln waste and that there was more than one
Patch Grove type fabric; probably from more than one production centre
(1987). He also presented compelling evidence for a major production
centre at Frog Farm itself, a short distance north-west of the cemetery.
Fifty seven pits were excavated in woodland during the 1960s and yielded
3,630 sherds of Patch Grove type ware, including kiln wasters. A field
immediately to the east of this site yielded 1,728 more sherds of
Patchgrove type ware from ploughsoil, including more wasters.
The Frog Farm cemetery is in close proximity to this production site and
should be able to supply a lot of new information as regards Patch Grove
type wares. Of the 47 jars in such fabrics, however, 18 come from
cremations which cannot be dated any more closely than c.AD.43-250 and
many are so severely truncated that their forms are impossible to
determine. Nevertheless, a few significant observations can be made.
The first observation is that the percentage of Patchgrove type wares
(38%) is much smaller than one might expect considering the very close
proximity of a production site: a percentage nearer 70/90% might be
expected. It is also noticeable that the Patchgrove type wares from the
cemetery are entirely restricted to storage and smaller jars used as
cremation urns, whereas other forms were also made at the Frog Farm
production site. These other forms tend to be early, however, and are
minority products.
The dating of the cremations from which these jars in Patchgrove type
wares come leave little or no doubt that handmade jars in this group of
fabrics continued to be made until the middle of the 3rd c. or later. It
is probable, however, that the industry or industries producing these
wares diversified their range of fabrics and increasingly restricted the
use of handmade Patchgrove fabrics to storage vessels and other large
jars made alongside wheel-turned flagons and other forms in sand and
silt-tempered fabrics.
Bibliography
Down,A. 1971 ‘The Roman Cemetery at St.Pancras’, in Down,A.,
Rule,M., Chichester Excavations I, p.53-126
Lyne,M.A.B. 1994 Late Roman Handmade Wares in South-East
Britain, Unpubl PhD thesis, University of Reading.
Lyne,M.A.B., Jefferies,R.S. 1979 The Alice Holt/Farnham Roman
Pottery Industry, CBA Res Rep. 30
Martin,T. 1986 ‘Montans’, in Bemont,C., Jacob,J-P.(Eds.)
La terre sigillee gallo-romaine. Lieux de production du Haut Empire:
implantations, produits, relations, Documents d’Archeologie
Francaise No.6, p.58-71
Monaghan,J. 1987 Upchurch and Thameside Roman Pottery,
BAR Brit Ser 173.
Pearce,B.W. 1930 ‘The Roman Site at Otford’, Arch Cant
42, p.157-73.
Perrin,J.R. 1999 Roman Pottery from Excavations at and near
to the Roman Small Town of Durobrivae,Water
Newton,Cambridgeshire,1956-58, J.R.P.S. 8.
Philp,B. 1973 ‘SITE 8. A Romano-British Site near Fox Hill, West
Wickham,Kent’, in Philp,B., Excavations in West Kent 1960-1970,
p.55-65.
Pollard,R.J. 1987 ‘The Other Roman Pottery’, in Meates,G.W.,
The Lullingstone Roman Villa. Volume II – The Wall Paintings and
Finds, Monogr Ser Kent Archaeol Soc No 3, p.164-302
Pollard,R.J. 1988 The Roman Pottery of Kent, Monogr Ser
Kent Archaeol Soc No.5.
St John Breen,C. 1987 Patch Grove Ware and an Otford, Kent kiln
site. Forms and the N.W.Kent Dstribution. Unpublished B.Sc.
Archaeological Sciences.
Symonds,R.P. 1992 Rhenish Wares. Fine Dark Coloured Pottery
from Gaul and Germany, Oxford Univ Comm for Archaeology. Monogr
23
Tester,P.J., Caiger,J.E.L. 1954 ‘Excavations on the Site of a
Romano-British Settlement in Joyden’s Wood, near Bexley’, Arch Cant
68, p.167-83.
Thompson,I. 1982 Grog-tempered ‘Belgic’ Pottery of
south-eastern England, BAR Brit Ser. 108, Oxford.
Vauthey,M et P. 1986 ‘Terre-Franche’, in Bemont,C., Jacob,J-P.
(Eds.).
Ward-Perkins,J.B. 1939 ‘Excavations on Oldbury Hill,Ightham’,
Arch Cant 51, p.137-81
Ward-Perkins,J.B. 1944 ‘Excavations on the Iron Age Hill-fort at
Oldbury, near Ightham, Kent’, Archaeologia 90, p.127-76
Appendix.1.
Fabrics
R1. Belgic grog-tempered ware
R2A. Black Patchgrove type ware
R2B. Oxidised Patchgrove type ware
R2C. Oxidised grog and sand tempered Patchgrove type ware
R2D. Vesicular oxidised Patchgrove type ware with sparse leached out
shell inclusions
R3. Coarse grey fabric fired pink with profuse grog, <1.00mm.
multi-coloured quartz, ironstone and glauconite sand filler.
R4. Very-fine-sanded grey-black fabric with pink margins and profuse
<0.50 mm. multi-coloured quartz filler and <1.00 mm. black ferrous
inclusions
R5. Patchy orange/yellow fabric with silt-sized
quartz and waxy surfaces. Otford Progress Garage kiln product.
R6. Silt-tempered fabric fired pink with sparse <0.20mm. soft red and
<0.50mm. black ferrous inclusions and polished black surfaces
R7. Silty grey-black fabric fired pink externally with sparse <0.50mm.
soft black ferrous inclusions, occasional glauconite and patchy cream
external slip.
R8. Oxidised pink fabric with profuse <0.30 mm. multi-coloured quartz
filler and occasional glauconite and irregular <2.00 mm. calcareous
inclusions. Ext. pinkish-white slip.
R9. Rough orange/brown/black fabric with profuse <0.50mm quartz, black
ironstone and occasional glauconite and alluvial flint filler
R10. Deep pink fabric with sparse <0.50mm. erupting black inclusions and
greyed exterior surface
R11. Cream fabric with profuse <0.20mm. iron-stained and multi-coloured
quartz filler
R12A. North Kent Fineware
R12B. Hoo St Werburgh fabric
R13. BB2
R14. Very-fine sanded greyware with profuse <0.10 mm. quartz filler
R15. Very-fine sanded Thameside greyware with surface reddening
R16. Alice Holt/Farnham greyware
R17A. South Gaulish Samian
R17B. Central Gaulish Samian
R17C. Black Samian
R17D. Central Gaulish Black Colour-coat
R17E. East Gaulish Samian
R17F. Montans Samian
R18. Colchester colour-coat
R19. Lower Nene Valley Colour-coat
R20. Moselkeramik
R21. Silty grey fired black with pink margins.
Appendix 2.
Catalogue
Press Ctrl and + together
to enlarge table on your screen. Press Ctrl and zero to normal size
|
Burial |
Fabric |
Form |
Date-range |
No of sherds |
Wt in gm |
Comments |
|
1
|
R2B
R17B
R11
R14 |
Pollard 19
jar
Dr 18/31 platter
Dr 18/31
Dr 33 cup
Flagon
Part of jar
5F dish |
c.50-150
c.140-160
c.145-175
c.120-200
c.70-200
c.130-270 |
1
1
1
1
1
26
1 |
1660
376
268
385 |
Slightly
truncated
MVXTVLLI
APRILIS
Truncated
No rim or base
Complete |
|
|
|
|
c.140-160 |
31 |
|
Disturbed by
potato clamp |
|
2 |
R8
R13
R17B |
Ring neck
flagon
3J1 ac latticed jar
Dr 18/31 |
c.130-200
c.120-180
c.120-150 |
1
1
1 |
275
740
189 |
Truncated
Footring removed M--
|
|
|
|
|
c.130-150 |
3 |
1204g |
|
|
3 |
R15
R17B |
Jar |
c.170-240
c.120-200 |
3
1 |
28
2 |
Bodysherds
chip |
|
|
|
|
c.170-240 |
4 |
30g |
|
|
4 |
R2B
R17B
R12A |
Truncated jar
Dr 33
Dr 32
Bottle |
c.120-200
c.160-230
c.70-200 |
1
1
1
1 |
188 |
Stamp illegible
VERANVS
Truncated |
|
|
|
|
c.160-230 |
4 |
|
|
|
5 |
R13
?
? |
3J2 jar
Black
cooking-pot
Small red vessel |
c.160-240 |
1
1
1
|
2207 |
Cremation urn |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
6 |
R4 |
Truncated
jar |
|
1 |
493g |
Truncated |
|
7 |
R4
?
?
R7 |
Jar
Small red ?vase
Dr 18/31
Small ev rim jar |
c.120-200
c.120-200
|
1
1
1
1 |
1082
10 |
159
v.fragmentary
rim sherd only
24 tiny chips |
|
|
|
|
c.120-200 |
3 |
|
|
|
8 |
|
|
|
|
|
No pottery |
|
9 |
R1
R11
R17B
R17B
? |
Thompson
D1-1 bowl with latticing
flagon
Dr 31
Dr.33
Corrugated girth beaker |
c.0-AD.80
c.70-200
c.150-200
c.130-150
c.43-70 |
1
1
1
1
1 |
1566
282
302 |
Truncated
all there with IV graffito on base
123
|
|
|
|
|
c.60-80 |
5 |
|
|
|
10 |
R12B
? |
Flagon
Black vase 3 ½” dia |
c.50-150 |
1
1 |
|
Truncated
Almost totally destr |
|
|
|
|
c.100-150 |
2
|
|
|
|
11 |
|
|
|
|
|
No pottery |
|
12 |
R2b
R8
R12a
R17 |
Pollard 18
store-jar
Bag-shaped flagon
2A4 Beaker
Dr 33 cup |
c.50-250
c.70-200
c.130-170
c.120-200 |
1
1
1
1 |
2617
248
97
66 |
151
Truncated
Fragmentary
Frsgmentary |
|
|
|
|
c.130-170 |
4 |
3028g |
Poor
|
|
13 |
R2b
R16
Misc |
Storage jar
base
Incip b+fl bowl
Cl 3A jar
Cl 3B jar
Cl 3C
Closed forms |
c.30-270
c.200-270
c.100-200
c.170-200
c.200-300 |
5
2
8
3
1
7 |
382
27
41
20
135 |
Abraded
Fresh and abr 1 pot
|
|
|
|
|
c.200-270 |
26 |
605g |
Very poor |
|
14 |
R1 |
Jar
|
LIA-80 |
10 |
188g |
Very
truncated |
|
15 |
R4 |
Jar |
|
1 |
238g |
Truncated |
|
16 |
R4 |
Jar |
c.170-240 |
1 |
282g |
Truncated |
|
17 |
R2A |
Jar |
|
1
|
1060g |
Fragmentary
|
|
18 |
R10
R17b
Tile
?R4 |
Bag-shaped
flagon
Dr 36
Imbrex
Ac latticed jar |
c.70-200
c.120-200
c.120-200 |
1
1
2
1 |
351
312 |
Truncated
Complete
Glued frags |
|
|
|
|
c.120-200 |
3 |
|
Fairly good |
|
19 |
R17b
R2b
?
? |
Dr 31
Jar with tapered base
Red flagon – handle
Plain poppy-head bkr |
c.150-200 |
1
1
1
1 |
|
Illegible
stamp
Foot-ring removed |
|
|
|
|
c.150-200 |
4 |
|
|
|
20 |
R13 |
Jar base |
c.130-180 |
1 |
217g |
Badly
truncated and badly disturbed |
|
21 |
R15
R6
R19
R17 |
Large
cavetto rim jar
Screw-neck flagon
Perrin 116 beaker with dog chasing stag
Dr 18/ 31 |
c.170-270
c.130-250
c.170-240
c.120-150 |
1
1
1
1 |
325
109
455
|
Complete
Complete
Complete
Piece missing fr rim |
|
|
|
|
c.170-250 |
4 |
889g |
Good
|
|
22 |
R2b
R4?
R12A
R17b |
Jar base
Flagon
Beaker
Dr 31 |
c.100-250
c.160-190
|
1
1
1
1 |
49
128
78 |
Truncated
+b’ysherds
Truncated
Truncated
POTTACI |
|
|
|
|
c.160-190 |
4 |
|
C3 Poor |
|
23 |
R2b
R17 |
Jar
Dr 18/31-31 |
c.120-200
|
1
|
504 |
Truncated 23
Fragments |
|
|
|
|
c.120-200 |
|
|
Severely
damaged
by building mausoleum wall |
|
24 |
R2b
R17
R19
? |
Jar base
2xDr 31 platters
Castor ware cup
Red flagon |
c.150-200
c.170-240 |
1 |
710 |
Very
fragmentary
Pieces LOST
Few sherds LOST
Few sherds LOST |
|
|
|
|
c.170-200 |
|
|
D4 south side. Extremely disturbed |
|
25 |
R2b
? |
Jar base
Flagon |
|
1 |
392 |
Truncated
Frsgments LOST |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C4. Very poor indeed |
|
26 |
R2b
?
R17 |
Jar
Black poppyhead vase
Platter |
|
1 |
508 |
Extensively
damaged
Fragments |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C4. poor |
|
27 |
|
|
|
|
|
D4. no pottery |
|
28 |
R2a |
Jar |
|
1 |
308g |
C4.
fragments. Poor |
|
29 |
R2b |
Jar base |
|
1 |
276g |
B3/C3.
Extremely poor |
|
30 |
R2b
R12a
R11
R17 |
Pollard 18 store
jar
Monaghan 2A4 beaker
Screw-neck flagon
Dr 33 |
c.50-250
c.130-170
c.130-250
c.120-200 |
1
1
1
1 |
171
393 |
Complete
Complete, spalled. Graffito
Complete
GRACCHI.M |
|
|
|
|
c.130-170 |
4 |
|
C4. good |
|
31 |
R2b
R7
R12a
R17A |
Jar
Flagon
2A4 beaker
Dr 18/31 |
c.130-170
c.90-110 |
1
1
1
1 |
1212
108
102
433 |
Truncated
Part of side
Truncated
Hole in base.---CVNDV- |
|
|
|
|
c.150-170 |
4 |
1855g |
C4. moderate
|
|
32 |
R2b
R17 |
Pollard 20 jar
Dr 33 |
c.50-250
c.150-180 |
1
1 |
861
|
Part of. Rim and
base missing
VERTECISSAF with graffito |
|
|
|
|
c.150-180 |
2 |
|
C5. fair |
|
33 |
R2b |
Jar |
c.50-270 |
|
|
Scatter of sherds.C5 very poor |
|
34 |
R2b
R17B
R12A |
Jar
Stanfield 1929 Fig.67
flagon
Dr 33
Dr 18/31
Flask |
c.50-270
c.120-200
c.140-200
c.170-230 |
1
1
1
1
1 |
104
440
126 |
Given to farmer
Truncated
MALLEDV.F
AVITVS F
About half |
|
|
|
|
c.170-200 |
5 |
|
C4. fair |
|
35 |
R2b
R12a |
Storage jar
2A4 beaker |
c.50-270
c.130-170 |
1 |
126
|
LOST
Diamond-shaped barbotine panels |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C5/6. ploughed |
|
36 |
R2b |
Jar |
|
|
|
Fragments. LOST. C5. Poor. |
|
37 |
R2b
R17 |
Jar
Dr 33 |
|
|
|
Very truncated LOST
LOST |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B4/C4. Plough damaged |
|
38 |
? |
Jar in friable, thin red/black paste
?Black vase
Soft yellowish-cream flagon
Rimless pie dish in black fabric |
|
1
1
1
1 |
|
Disturbed
LOST
Minute frags only |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B4. very poor. Heavily disturbed by tree roots |
|
39 |
R2b |
Jar |
|
1 |
|
Very fragmentary. B4. Poor. |
|
40 |
? |
Small black flagon |
|
1 |
|
C8. Isolated ?votive |
|
41 |
R2b |
Jar |
|
1 |
|
Almost entirely ploughed away. C6. |
|
42 |
R2c |
Jar |
|
1 |
|
C6. almost entirely
ploughed away |
|
43a |
R2b |
Type viii storage
jar |
|
71 |
160g |
Tiny fraction.
Destroyed by 43b |
|
43b |
R2C
R17b
? |
Type iii jar
Lud Tg
Dr 33
Poppyhead beaker
Red flagon |
c.160-190
c.140-200 |
1
1
1
1
1 |
101 |
Shattered
PRIVATIM
CELSIleafM
Disintegrated LOST |
|
|
|
|
c.160-200 |
5 |
|
E6. moderate |
|
44a |
R2b |
Type vi storage jar |
|
1 |
|
E6. almost totally destroyed by 44b |
|
44b |
R2c
R12a |
Pollard 12
lid-seated bead-rim jar
Bottle |
c.50-150 |
1
1 |
1038
205 |
Truncated 165 |
|
|
|
|
c.50-150 |
2 |
1243g |
E6. moderate |
|
45 |
R2b
R17b
R6
R14
R17F |
Type iv style D jar
Dr 35
Dr 34 handled cup
3J7 beaker
Pie-dish
Dr 35 var |
c.120-200
c.140-180
c.140-200
c.130-270
c.120-140 |
1
1
1
1
1
1 |
1717
138
154
203
59 |
153
Black samian
057
Incomplete |
|
|
|
|
c.150-200 |
5 |
- |
E6. |
|
46 |
R1
R12b
R17
R17B |
Type vii style B
jar
Red flagon
Dr 31
Dr 33 |
c.70-200
c.150-200
c.120-200 |
1
1
1
1 |
922
46 |
Truncated
Truncated
Part complete
Truncated |
|
|
|
|
c.150-200 |
4 |
|
B7/C7. Disturbed |
|
47 |
R15
R6
?
? |
3L1-2 jar
Flagon
Cooking-dish
Fine rhenish ware vase |
c.70/80-140 |
1
1
1
1 |
1099
359 |
Complete
Fragments inc base |
|
|
|
|
c.150-200 |
4 |
|
B3/B4. Good but
disturbed |
|
48 |
R2b
R4
R17E |
Jar
2C6 Beaker
Dr 33 |
c.190-230
c.120-200 |
1
1
1 |
45
|
LOST
CANTIVS.
Boucheporn |
|
|
|
|
c.190-230 |
3 |
|
B7/C7 |
|
49 |
R2b
R17
R20
R12b
R4 |
Latticed store-jar
Dr 31
beaker
flagon
1B6 flask |
c.150-200
c.200-275
c.170-230 |
1
1
1
1
1 |
1310
148
68
263 |
Truncated
Truncated |
|
|
|
|
c.200-250 |
5 |
|
B4 |
|
50 |
?
R17
R12A
R17D |
Brittle red jar
Dr 33
Bottle
Beaker |
c.150-200 |
1
1
1
1 |
157
123
|
LOST
LOST
Truncated
Barbotine vine leaves |
|
|
|
|
c.150-200 |
4 |
|
B5 |
|
51 |
?
R9
? |
Large jar
Red flagon
Poppyhead
beaker |
|
1
1 |
|
LOST
Rim missing
hole in side
A couple of
sherds nearby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B5. poor |
|
55a |
R2a |
Type vi
style D jar
(Pollard Type 19) |
c.50-80
|
1 |
318g |
Destroyed by
maus wall foundation |
|
55b |
R2b
R17
R17A
?
? |
Pollard 18 store
jar
Dr 33
Dr 18/31
Black poppyhead bkr
White flagon |
c.50-250
c.90-110 |
1
1
1
1
1 |
6264
145
414 |
SEDATVS F 077
Riveted. 078
Kiln waster. hole in side. 079
076 |
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
|
Against wall of
mausoleum |
|
56 |
? |
Soft reddish brown poppyhead beaker |
|
1 |
|
080 |
|
57 |
R1
R2c |
Jar
Jar |
|
1
1
|
639 |
Badly ploughed thro
Badly ploughed
thro |
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
58 |
R2b
R1 |
Type iii style C jar
E2-1 cup |
c.43-80 |
1
1 |
639
|
Lower half only |
|
|
|
|
c.43-80 |
2 |
|
Later than
mausoleum |
|
59 |
R2c
R17
R7 |
Type I style
A jar
Lud Tq platter
Soft pink flagon with white slip. sandy |
c.120-150 |
1
1
1 |
1279
39 |
Truncated,
bosses 158
Illegible stamp 82
Very truncated |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
Next to mausoleum
wall |
|
60 |
R1
R2c ?
R12b
R17a |
Large jar
Pollard 19 jar ?
Flagon
Dr 18 |
c.43-80
c.50-150 ??
c.80-110 |
1
1
1
1 |
1178
696
68
66 |
Shattered truncated
Rim an base 83,166?
Truncated 083
2 sherds only 84 |
|
|
|
|
c.80-110 |
2 |
762g |
|
|
61 |
R6
R2b
R17
R13?
? |
Disc-rimmed flagon
Type viii
style A jar
Dr 18/31
Dr 33
Latticed dish
Sandy grey pie-dish |
c.120-150
c.130-200
c.130-250 |
1
1
1
1
1
1 |
440 |
088
085
086
087
089 |
|
|
|
|
c.130-160 |
6 |
|
Near mausoleum |
|
62 |
R2b |
Type ii style A jar |
|
1 |
397g
|
Truncated. 167 |
|
63 |
R2b
R12a |
Type v style A jar
Poppyhead beaker |
|
1
1 |
520
111 |
Truncated
090 truncated |
|
|
|
|
2nd c |
2 |
631g |
|
|
64 |
R4
?
R12b |
4F1 Bowl
Hard grey
poppyhead beaker with 5 panels
Orange flagon |
c.43-70
c.70-200+
c.100-150 |
1
1
1
|
165 |
092 hole in one
side
093 used as
urn
091 |
|
|
|
|
c.70-150 |
3 |
|
|
|
65 |
R2b |
Type iv style A jar |
|
1 |
1258g |
Truncated |
|
66 |
R2b |
Pollard 19 variant
with
Pedestal base and black paint over shoulder and rim |
c.30-70 |
1 |
2005g |
Complete |
|
67 |
R2a
R17a
R12a |
Type vi style A jar
Dr 18/31
2A 4 poppyhead beaker |
c.43-80/150
c.90-110
c.130-160 |
1
1
1 |
1012
295
40 |
Slightly truncated
Stamp missing
Small part of |
|
|
|
|
c.130-150 |
3 |
1347g |
|
|
68 |
R17 |
Dr 33 |
|
1 |
|
1 rim sherd. LOST |
|
69 |
R2b
R17b |
Jar shoulder with
stabbed cordon
Dr 33 |
c.50-250
c.120-200 |
5
2 |
100
25 |
5 shoulder sherds
Abraded fragments |
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
125g |
Almost totally
destroyed |
|
70 |
R8
R17 |
Pink flagon
with white slip
Dr 33 |
|
1
1 |
336
111 |
Crushed 096
Piece missing from side 097 |
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
447g |
|
|
71 |
R2b
R17b
R8
R18
R17e |
Type iii style A storage jar
Dr 18/31
Ring-neck flagon
Bag beaker
Dr 33 |
c.110-150
c.70-150
c.130-250
c.140-200 |
1
1
1
1
1 |
409
276
|
CRVCAROF 098
099
100
No stamp. La Madeleine 101 |
|
|
|
|
c.140-150 |
5 |
|
|
|
72 |
R11 |
White flagon with
slightly damaged rim |
|
1 |
344g |
102. complete
Waster |
|
73 |
R21 |
Small jar |
c.43-100 |
1 |
51g |
Part only |
|
74 |
R2b
? |
Jar
Poppyhead beaker |
|
1
1 |
|
Rim fragment
only |
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
Inside mausoleum 5”
from north wall |
|
75 |
|
|
|
|
|
No pottery |
|
76 |
|
|
|
|
|
No pottery |
|
77 |
R2b
R2c |
Jar
Jar |
|
15
3 |
108
49 |
Small part
Small part |
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
157g
|
Under wall of
mausoleum |
|
78 |
R2a |
Bead-rim jar with
corrugated shoulder |
c.43-80 |
1 |
540g |
Part of rim
missing. |